Celo: 1 Year as Ethereum Layer 2

This report celebrates the 1 year anniversary of Celo's transition to an Ethereum Layer 2.

Executive Summary

One year after completing its migration to an Ethereum Layer 2, Celo has established itself as one of the leading blockchains for real-world stablecoin payments in emerging markets across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The past year has been marked by significantly higher user activity, major new protocol deployments including Uniswap v4, Velodrome, and Morpho, and deeper ties to the broader Ethereum ecosystem.
The clearest evidence of Celo's progress is its user base. With nearly 14 million verified phone numbers registered and consistently more than 300,000 Daily Verified Active Addresses (DVAA), activity on the network appears to be driven by real-world adoption. Much of this growth comes from MiniPay, Opera's stablecoin-first mobile wallet, which accounts for approximately 45% of all transactions and 93% of all stablecoin flow on Celo. At the same time, Celo is emerging as an early infrastructure chain for the agentic economy, with nearly 4,000 AI agents and autonomous services registered onchain under ERC-8004. The same stablecoin rails built for human payments are now being inherited by autonomous agents.

Key Highlights

  • Leading stablecoin payments chain: One year after its migration to an Ethereum Layer 2, Celo has established itself as a leading blockchain for real-world stablecoin payments across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
  • Real user adoption at scale: Celo now has nearly 14 million verified phone numbers registered and consistently records more than 300,000 Daily Verified Active Addresses (DVAA).
  • MiniPay is driving usage: Opera's MiniPay wallet accounts for roughly 45% of all transactions and 93% of all stablecoin flow on Celo, helped by phone-number onboarding, stablecoin gas payments, and a payments-first mobile UX.
  • Ecosystem momentum: The past year brought major protocol deployments including Uniswap v4, Velodrome, and Morpho, alongside deeper ties to the broader Ethereum ecosystem.
  • Emerging agentic-economy infrastructure: Nearly 4,000 AI agents and autonomous services are registered onchain under ERC-8004, with developers using Celo as a settlement layer for machine-to-machine services.
Celo: 1 Year as Ethereum Layer 2
Celo: 1 Year as Ethereum Layer 2
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