Programming Languages That Power Onchain Activity

Analysing active contract interactions to reveal compiler and language usage in production environments.

Rather than looking at the compilers of top value-locked contracts, this analysis measures actual usage. By aggregating transaction activity across active smart contracts and linking it to compiler metadata, it reveals which programming languages are truly driving onchain execution.
Arbitrum Nova
Base Chain
Starknet
Linea
Celo
Ethereum Mainnet
Mode Network
Robinhood Chain
Polygon PoS
Scroll
MegaETH
Unichain
OP Mainnet
Mantle
Taiko Alethia
ZKsync Era
Metis
Arbitrum One
Ethereum Mainnet

Which Languages Power Onchain Activity?

Every transaction on an EVM chain ultimately calls a smart contract. By cross-referencing verified contracts on Sourcify, we can attribute onchain transaction volume to the programming language used to write the contract. This reveals how much activity flows through Solidity contracts, Vyper contracts, or contracts whose source code has not been verified.
Total
Created with Highcharts 11.4.8
All-time cumulative share across Solidity, Vyper, and unverified contracts.
Transaction Share by Language on Ethereum Mainnet
28 DecDec 2022Dec 2025
Each week's bar shows how the total transaction count is split across smart contract languages.

Solidity Compiler Versions

Not all Solidity versions are equal. Each major release introduced breaking changes and new safety features — version 0.8 added built-in overflow protection, removing the need for SafeMath. The breakdown below shows which versions drive the most onchain activity on Ethereum Mainnet.
Total
Created with Highcharts 11.4.8
All-time cumulative share across Solidity compiler versions.
Transaction Share by Solidity Version on Ethereum Mainnet
28 DecDec 2022Dec 2025
Each week's bar shows how the total transaction count is split across Solidity compiler versions.

Vyper Compiler Versions

Vyper's version history is more compact. Version 0.3 brought improvements to ABI encoding and gas efficiency, while 0.4 introduced transient storage support. The breakdown below shows how activity on Ethereum Mainnet is distributed across Vyper releases.
Total
Created with Highcharts 11.4.8
All-time cumulative share across Vyper compiler versions.
Transaction Share by Vyper Version on Ethereum Mainnet
28 DecDec 2022Dec 2025
Each week's bar shows how the total transaction count is split across Vyper compiler versions.
This page is a data tracker for informational and educational purposes only. It is not investment advice. Data may be delayed or inaccurate. Do your own research.

Methodology

What is the Argot Collective?

The Argot Collective is a non-profit research and development organization dedicated to sustaining Ethereum's core programming languages and tooling. They maintain critical infrastructure including Solidity (the primary EVM smart contract language), Fe (a statically-typed EVM alternative), Sourcify (decentralized source-code verification), Hevm (a symbolic execution engine), Ethdebug and Act. Their mission is to make smart contract development simpler, safer and more resilient by providing a stable long-term home for these foundational projects.

How are the numbers calculated?

Only contract interaction transactions are counted, native ETH transfers are excluded. To remove low-activity noise, contracts with fewer than three transactions per day on average are filtered out. Source code verification data is sourced from Sourcify via the Open Labels Initiative.
Topics Discussed
Argot
Sourcify
Open Labels Initiative
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